I. Introduction
II. Factors Contributing to Substance Misuse
1. Retirement
2. Bereavement and Grief
3. Comorbid Health Issues
III. Confusional and Aggressive Behavior
1. Confusional Behavior
2. Aggression
IV. Screening for a Co-occurring Disorder
Patient History
V. Screening Tests
1. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)
2. Alcohol Use Disorder
VI. Comorbidities and Risk of a Substance Use Disorder
1. Collateral Information
2. Fear of Confrontation
VII. Ageism, Stigma and Denial
Stigma and Barriers to Treatment
VIII. Case Study: Older Female With a Co-Occurring Disorder
Discussion
IX. Summary