I. Introduction
II. Etiology and Epidemiology of VAP
III. VAP versus Community-acquired Pneumonia
1. Community Acquired Pneumonia
IV. Mechanical Ventilation
1. Indications
2. Goals of Treatment
V. Pathophysiology of VAP
VI. VAP Risk Factors
1. Ventilation for 5+ Days
2. Recent Hospitalization
3. Long-term Care Facilities
4. Hemodialysis Treatment
5. Chemotherapy, Intravenous Therapy and Wound Care
6. Recent Antibiotic Use
7. Patient Immunity
VII. Symptoms of VAP
1. Fever
2. Purulent Sputum
3. Leukocytosis
4. Low Body Temperature
5. Hypoxemia
6. Ventilator-associated Event
VIII. Diagnosis of VAP/VAE
1. Laboratory Testing
2. Chest X-Ray
3. Culture
4. Bronchoscopy
5. Bronchoalveolar Lavage
6. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score
IX. Treatment of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
1. Empiric Therapy
2. Targeted Drug Therapy
X. Patient Care
1. Feeding and Body Positioning
2. Intubation Considerations
3. Oral Care
4. Prognosis of VAP
XI. Case Study: Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
XII. Summary