I. Introduction
1. Epidemiology
II. Prediabetes versus Diabetes
III. Diabetes Type 2
IV. Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
1. Glycated Hemoglobin
2. Random Blood Sugar
3. Fasting Blood Sugar
4. Oral Glucose Tolerance
5. Post-diagnosis
V. Lifestyle Changes for Type 2 Diabetes
1. Diet
2. Exercise
VI. Pharmacological Treatment: Insulin
1. Insulin
VII. Pharmacological Treatment: Oral Forms of Medication
1. Metformin
VIII. Sulfonylureas
1. Glyburide
2. Glipizide
3. Glimepiride
IX. Meglitinides
1. Repaglinide (Prandin®)
2. Nateglinide (Starlix®)
X. Thiazolidinediones
1. Rosiglitazone (Avandia®)
2. Pioglitazone (Actos®)
XI. DPP-4 inhibitors
1. Sitagliptin (Januvia®)
2. Saxagliptan (Onglyza®)
3. Linagliptin (Tradjenta®)
XII. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
1. Exenatide (Byetta®)
2. Liraglutide (Victoza®)
3. Semaglutide (Ozempic®)
XIII. SGLT2 Inhibitors
1. Canagliflozin (Invokana®)
2. Dapagliflozin (Farxiga®)
3. Empagliflozin (Jardiance®)
XIV. Case Studies of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1. Case 1: Failure of Metformin Monotherapy
2. Case 2: Failure of Metformin and a DPP-4 Inhibitor
XV. Summary