I. Introduction
II. Pain Management Generally
III. General Pain Measurement Tools/Instruments
1. Visual Analogue Scale
2. Pain Scales for Children and Infants
IV. Pharmacological Management
1. Premedication Assessment
2. Balanced Anesthesia
3. Preventive Approach
4. Precision Dosing
5. Pro re nata (PRN) Medications
V. Administration of Pain Medications
1. Patient-Controlled Analgesia
2. Local Anesthesia
VI. Pharmacological Agents
1. Opioid Analgesics
2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3. Muscle Relaxant
4. Anti-Seizure Drugs
5. Tricyclic Antidepressants
6. Alpha Adrenergic Agonist
VII. Non-Pharmacological Pain Management
1. Massage Therapy
2. Cold and Heat Therapies
3. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
4. Distraction
5. Guided Imagery
6. Hypnosis
7. Relaxation Techniques
8. Neurological and Neurosurgical Approaches
VIII. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pain Control
1. Music Therapy
2. Herbal Therapy
3. Reflexology
4. Magnetic Therapy
5. Electrotherapy
6. Polarity Therapy
7. Acupressure
8. Emu Oil Therapy
9. Aromatherapy
10. Homeopathy
IX. Future Therapies
1. Imaging Advancements
2. Channels
3. Trophic Factors
4. Plasticity
5. Neurotransmitters
X. Case Study: Acupuncture and Pain